ARRIVAL AT THE PARK VENADOS_____________________________1
EXPLANATION OF THE PROBLEM
FOREST RESOURCES IN
FORESTS OF SNOWY TOLUCA_____________________________2 , 3.4
RETURN TO CAMP AND TALK WITH PROFESORES_______5
WALK INTO THE CRATER OF NEVADO_________________________6
ARRIVAL AT DEER PARK
The practice field was carried out on 26 and 2.7 in October 2013, was made in the rooms of the snowy Toluca , the output of the university was a little delayed , at 9 am, to get to the campground , we set out to accommodate and install the respective tents we brought everyone .
Upon arrival and reconnoiter , we observed the apparent morphology of the mountain that welcomed us , the place of camping , the total set of tents , as we prepared to eat, to finish the meal of the day 26 October , we had a talk with the teachers responsible and walk the talk first corresponding to the management of forest resources in the snowy Toluca national Park by Dr. Angel Rolando Agramont Endara , which is a specialized doctor in the management of these varied resources within the nevado de Toluca.
This specialist in the snowy Toluca , doctor is research professor of the Institute of Agricultural and Rural Sciences (ICAR ) of Mexico State University .
Upon reaching the place where we were to take the conversation was program specialist , climbed a small village , where as human action showed a small semipavimentado road which was primarily used to transport up to the snow , to get to right place of the talk , we had to download a small part on a slope with an angle of considerable tilt down as about 4 feet into a place with spaced vegetation and clear remnant of the problems that plague the forests of snowy Toluca.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF FOREST RESOURCES IN FOREST Nevado de Toluca
During this talk about 1 hour , given by Dr. Angel, we saw very clearly the problems that afflict the snowy forest , is too concerned that these forests are under attack in different ways, which do not allow the maintenance of a healthy and efficient growth of the main types of trees that grow in this area where we are located we saw just 1 type of trees, a species of pine that grows at high altitudes, where climatic and atmospheric conditions suitable for growth are presented .
The main tree that grows in the forests of snowy Toluca is the pine species Pinus hartwegii , tree foil and having over 20 meters in height , is a tree that lives in cold and wet conditions , and maintains quite serious problems then arose.
According to Dr. Angel Rolando , the main problems of the snowy forests of Toluca is mainly divided into 4 : uncontrolled burning , grazing mass , health and fragmentation.
First, we see the massive grazing , remember that the land belonging to the Nevado de Toluca reserves are kept separate ejido land owners , who have been engaged in livestock historically , what has caused them to stop their cows mainly ride carelessly or prevention walk on all sides , eating and damaging vegetation at ground level where they passed .
The constant problem of uncontrolled grazing is shown, the cows can cause extensive deforestation at floor level , can cut and kill the new shoots of growing trees , which generates much of the other problems that follow .
Since livestock and grazing are banned by the authorities of the reserve, this activity has become illegal throughout the forest reserve, but this has not been a reason to stop happened, unfortunate that the existence of a forest undertakes in activity human .
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Secondly, we will see the uncontrolled burning of forest lands , are are caused by the way, are absolutely necessary for the maintenance of good seed growth coming out of the trees found within the different types of forest reserves forest , such as dense forest , semi dense, fragmented dwarf mistletoe , forest residual forests that are the center of the high mountains , and that , as mentioned above, higher altitude need to flourish.
We talk about the excessive burning becomes a problem when more than 1 time per year is done , which is very harmful to the steady growth of conifers here should grow , burning , when done responsibly and with every precaution that display , is the most favorable for this same burning helps the growth of new shoots forest help, we know that by burning the grass on the floor , we oxygenate the soil and plant all the nutrients to the soil , and so the seed can germinate and get better and much faster .
The problem arises when fires occur in greater numbers for a whole year , this means that instead of the soil for nutrients increasingly degrade and do not allow the seeds to germinate , the lack of control for arson cause losses of thousands of hectares per year in all types of forests, which makes the loss of flora and fauna is unrecoverable .
We talked about the snowy Toluca keeps the average temperature is -4 ° C to 12 ° C. In the volcano climate is temperate and rainy in summer , cool and very cold in winter, at the top, fresh and cool in summer, polar or high mountain in winter when snow covered . Its southern slope descends to the Balsas , while the northern side links with the valley of Toluca , the mountainside south Tenango Valley , the northern slope Zinacantepec Township and the western slope of the valley Temascaltepec . At 4100 m . altitude forests of oaks and conifers, grimos , cuffs , ferns and shrubs grow , only to grow taller grasses , grasses , mosses and algae. The fauna is composed , in the foothills of opossums, white-tailed deer ( endangered ) , cleft rabbits, snow rabbits , coyotes ( endangered ) , raccoons , squirrels , chinchillas , hawks, eagles, lizards serranos and cuckoos , and cattle, hogs, horses and sheep . Trout can also be found rainbow trout or white Suchos , mayus , Huachis and poplars .
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Thirdly, we have the problem of health, health care is the problem more visible we could see, this term refers to the amount of parasites and invasive plants have especially pine trees , in this particular case Mistletoe dwarf, a parasitic plant that afflicts the vast majority of snowy conifers , is a plant that is installed in the branches of diseased trees , roots creates glued directly from the branches, and infect each tree inside the adhering .
We talked about a really serious problem, because this dwarf mistletoe infestation has affected most of the trees in the pine species Pinus hartwegii , principal conifer found in the forest reserve, is powerless to know , according to Dr. Angel you can not do absolutely nothing against the pest, pest death sentence tree to anyone who owns it.
Various solutions have been suggested to eliminate this scourge alone could reveal no real help to the flora , it was expected that with the creation of a pesticide could eradicate this pest , but after individual tests , they realized it was a wild homicide if the pesticide was used , so for obvious reasons it was decided not to apply in the whole forest.
Eventually , the dwarf mistletoe has been able to study and verify its utility which could be using the positive side of the parasitic plant, mistletoe was found that this had nutritional for cattle, it was observed that along with other cereals and plants , mistletoe dwarf was ideal for cattle feed so you can make a profit from something that kills , productive crop of mistletoe is an alternative to the removal of this tree , which also leads to monetary gains.
Last but not least, we find four reason for the devastation of the forests of snow , fragmentation , fragmentation or separation, expressed in pine trees , when you can not cover an area completely tree when the average per hectare should be 400 trees each, in the case of snow we see approximately 120 per hectare , so we can say that there is fragmentation in these forests ,
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The plant fragmentation is a problem caused by flooding and excessive burning , as these two do not allow sedimentation and nutrient input seed to the earth, and thus the desired germination.
Apart from all these problems , we have that climate change and rising temperatures are steadily on the rise , which is equally serious for tall conifers involvement , as the cold weather is essential for survival this type of vegetation, what will happen is that in the lower parts , the temperature increase more and more , which forced conifers growing up through the snowy and thus find their ideal climatic conditions for survival.
RETURN TO CAMP AND TALK TO TEACHERS
Once back at camp, after enriching talk doctor Angel, we set out to have a discussion with teachers about what we had seen, corrections and clarifications , as that was the first ANP in the world, is made up when began to be used in term ANP in Mexico , which was the first ANP in Mexico , said by the way that was the desert lions , implemented in the 30's by Lázaro Cárdenas , which set the tone for the creation more and larger protected ares .
We talked like that about 12 % of the world's territory belongs to ANP anywhere in the world , this is how we talk about millions of acres protected for the natural , forestry and animal conservation worldwide .
We recreate some of what we had seen with Brenner teacher, what were the physical characteristics of what we call ANP features, because it is called whether , in the specific case of the snowy Toluca , talk about a high mountain region , with unique vegetation , which is coupled to the heights and temperatures ranging up to -10 degrees.
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WALK INTO THE CRATER Nevado de Toluca
For the second day of activities, October 27, 2013 , at 7:30 am sharp , all students both uea of physical geography such as environmental issues and problems , we set out to listen to instructions , and after a brief explanation , we continued the trek to the crater of the volcano .
Along the way, we were able to find different types of flats, rocks, laredas , sharp bends , places you can not imagine that would have been human . As we walked , the vegetation of the place see each became more abundant , we observed types of pine, grasses , vines , fallen grunts, human activity is presented with the felling of trees and the creation of roads.
At the time of going forward, we could see the quality of the soil , a soil somewhat clay with volcanic stones and boulders , an incredible landscape to more than 3,600 meters above sea level, the minutes passed and we were still watching the action of man within the same forest , with the meeting of a group of cows grazing , which shows irregular grazing activity , which in this case is completely illegal , but necessary for the people that live.
We climbed high and level, are beginning to show laredas more inclined to talk volcanic landscapes , which shows the activity of thousands of years ago , we see the proliferation of pine , which signals us that warming theory global cause havoc in such a small place compared with the world, but the great devastation indicardor causing the temperature rise .
Upon reaching the crater , we observe tourist activity , people exercising, using the mountain as a transport and revreacion , the gap is within the crater there are two gaps which store product water primarily from the melting of the summit that mountain. In these water bodies are religious rituals since pre-Hispanic times and living within them , a height of more than 4,300 meters above sea level.
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